Research Question: How the attempts of education theories around the world can help develop an education system that harnesses a habitus approach?
“African Higher Education and Decolonizing the Teaching of Philosophy.” Educational Philosophy and Theory, vol. 54, no. 11, 2022, pp. 1854–67. Taylor & Francis Online, https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2021.1945438.
Chan, Sarabe, and Chimwemwe Manyozo. “SDG 4 Education: Necessary ambition or misplaced folly?” Institute of Development Studies, 11 May 2016, https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/sdg-4-education-necessary-ambition-or-misplaced-folly/#:~:text=Some%20criticisms%20of%20SDG4%20include:%20*%20Being,with%20efforts%20internationally%2C%20regionally%2C%20nationally%2C%20and%20locally. Accessed 6 March 2026. This is an opinion based article expressing the points within SDG4 that do not seem to make much sense to the vast population. SDG are Goals proposed by a group within the United Nations that focuses on sustainable developments that are needed globally, SDG4 focusses on educational development, however they lack to address the projects in the past that have failed and ways to resolve these issues. This article states the ambiguous goals developed by the UN and how they need to redefine them in a way that can beat past hiccups. I believe this article expresses the issues found within this push for westernized education systems and explains the reason as to why a Habitus approach is necessary.
“Education in Developing Countries.” Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 2024, https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/education-a-human-right/education-in-developing-countries-197598. Accessed 2 Mar. 2026.
“Education Overview: Development News, Research, Data.” World Bank, 2024, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/overview. Accessed 2 Mar. 2026.
Fataar, Aslam. Educational Practices and Pathways of South African Students Across Power-Marginalised Spaces. Edited by Aslam Fataar, AFRICAN SUN MeDIA, 2018. Accessed 15 March 2026. This book has several chapters, however according to the chapters in which I read, the concept of this book is expressing the importance of a habitus styled education. They explain how when you allow a society to harness its own uniqueness in a form of educating the younger generation there is more coherence amongst the generations allowing for more success and better development. This coherence and success develops cultural capital allowing for a stronger nation and more successful students.
Fenton, Lisa, et al. “Bushcraft Education as Radical Pedagogy.” Pedagogy, Culture & Society, vol. 30, no. 5, Oct. 2022, pp. 715–29. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2020.1864659.
Francis, Vicki. “Education in the Developing World.” The Human Journey, Institute for Venture Philanthropy, https://humanjourney.us/health/education-for-a-changing-world/education-in-the-developing-world/. Accessed 2 Mar. 2026.
Hassanein, F. R., et al. “Toxic Leadership and Job Satisfaction in the Middle Eastern Education Sector: The Influence of Organizational Culture and Trust.” Administrative Sciences, vol. 15, no. 5, 2025, pp. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15050171.
Heinrich, W., Silberg, T., Bonnell, J.R., Gondwe, S., Safalaoh, A., Goddard, C. and Richter, K. (2025), Challenging Isomorphic Mimicry With Human-Centred Design to Build Capacity in Three African Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of Training and Development, 29: 356-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12366 This textbook describes the developments of education and how you can morph a society and train people within the education sector. It explains the importance of individuality and consistency. They have many diagrams expressing how to teach a teacher to teach a group that is really teaching themselves and how you can grow this to work within a society. This reading helps build the idea of systems that are being developed and have been developed successfully within African and Indigenous societies to maintain a habitus education system.
Reay, Diane. “‘It’s All Becoming a Habitus’: Beyond the Habitual Use of Habitus in Educational Research.” British Journal of Sociology of Education, vol. 25, no. 4, 2004, pp. 431–44. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.flcc.edu/stable/4128669. Accessed 16 Mar. 2026. This article changes the Pierre version of Habitus and redefines it as a more individualistic approach. She references the importance of truly recognizing what comes from the inside and how you can develop this and nurture this throughout a culture and society. She really dives into the functions of society and how the individual is very important on a conscious and unconscious level. She believes in change and personal choice, though development is important in shaping an individual and society it is also important to understand that each person develops uniquely and may interpret everything differently. She really focuses on how one thing may work for someone but not work for another.
Riley, K., et al. “Etuaptmumk (Two-Eyed Seeing) in Nature’s Way-Our Way: Braiding Physical Literacy and Risky Play through Indigenous Games, Activities, Cultural Connections, and Traditional Teachings.” AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, vol. 19, no. 1, 2023, pp. 104-114, https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801221144021.
Suga, Masayoshi. “Goal 4: Quality Education.” United Nations Sustainable Development, United Nations, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/education/. Accessed 2 Mar. 2026.
Tom, M. N., et al. “Pedagogy of Absence, Conflict, and Emergence: Contributions to the Decolonization of Education from the Native American, Afro-Portuguese, and Romani Experiences.” Comparative Education Review, vol. 61, no. S1, 2017, pp. S121–S145, https://doi.org/10.1086/690219.
Wang, Yongliang, et al. “Positioning an Agenda on a Loving Pedagogy in Second Language Acquisition: Conceptualization, Practice, and Research.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, no. 894190, 20 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894190.